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One of the questions I usually answer these days is when the world will be able to return to what it was in December, before the coronavirus pandemic broke out. My answer is always the same: when we have an almost perfect cure for Covid-19, or when every person on the planet is vaccinated against the coronavirus, Bill Gates wrote on his foundation’s website.
The former is unlikely to happen soon. We need it
a miracle drug that is at least 95 percent effective in stopping
epidemic Most drug candidates are not as powerful
cure They could save many lives, but they are still not a normal yes
it would bring us back to normal.
Which leaves us with another solution: the vaccine.
Humanity has never had a more pressing task than generating widespread immunity to the coronavirus. Realistically, if we are to return to normal, we must develop a safe and effective vaccine. We have to make billions of doses, we have to get them to all parts of the world, and all of this has to happen as quickly as possible.
Sounds scary because it is. Our foundation is the largest
financial in the world of vaccine testing, and this effort goes beyond that
everything we have worked on. This will require investment
global cooperation efforts that the world has not seen so far. But i know yes
It is going to happen. There is simply no alternative.
Here’s what you need to know about the Covid-19 vaccine run.
The world has been creating this vaccine for a historically short period of time
Dr. Anthony Fauchi said he thought an eye would be needed
eighteen months to develop the coronavirus vaccine. I agree with
for them, although it could be nine months or even two years.
Although eighteen months may seem like a long time, it would be
It was the fastest that scientists have done to create a new vaccine.
Development generally takes around five years. Once you focus
to eradicate a disease, you have to create a vaccine and it is
You are testing on animals. Then your security test begins
and efficiency in humans.
Safety and effectiveness are the two most important goals of any vaccine.
Safety is exactly what it seems: it’s the safe vaccine for
people? Some minor side effects (such as mild fever or pain at the site)
benefits) may be acceptable but you do not want to be vaccinated
people with something that will make them sick.
Efficacy is measured by how well the vaccine protects against disease.
Although the vaccine would ideally be 100% effective, it is many
They have not done it. For example, this year’s flu shot is an effective eye.
45 percent To evaluate the safety and efficacy of each vaccine.
It goes through three stages of testing:
The first phase is the security test. A small group of healthy volunteers.
receive a “candidate vaccine”. Different doses are tried
to get the strongest immune response at the lowest dose
it acts without serious side effects.
Once you find a successful formula, you go to phase two,
that tells you how well the vaccine works in people who receive it.
This time, hundreds of people receive the vaccine. This group should include
people of different ages and health conditions.
Then, in phase three, you give the injection to thousands of people. This is usual
the longest phase, because it takes place in the so-called “natural states
diseases. “Prima is a large group of people that you probably already have
there is a risk of infection with certain pathogens and then wait and
See if the vaccine will reduce the number of people who get sick.
After the vaccine has gone through all three testing phases, start with
By building factories to produce it, you get WHO approval and
different government agencies This type of procedure works well in
for most vaccines, but a normal time course is not enough
good for this situation Every day we can get and shorten
this process will make a big difference in the world in terms of rescue
life and reducing billions of dollars of economic damage.
To speed up the process, experts developing the vaccine are shortening it.
process
How soon will the vaccine be ready?
All vaccines go through rigorous
process to make sure it is safe and effective.
The usual process involves steps
which are divided into phases to address key issues and
unknowns This can help reduce financial risk because
Making a new vaccine is expensive. Many “candidates” for
vaccines are failing, so companies wait sooner
they invest in the next step until they find out what it is
the previous one was successful.
For Covid-19, development finance is not
problem Governments and other organizations, including the Gates Foundation
and an alliance called the Coalition for Epidemiological Preparation
innovation (Cepi), have made it clear that they will support anything
I needed to find the vaccine. So scientists can save money
time doing several development steps at once. Private, for example
sector, governments and the Gates Foundation will begin to find facilities for
production of various potential vaccines. If any of these
objects remain unused, fine. It is a small price that
must be paid for production progress.
Fortunately, summarizing the time period
Trying is not the only way to get a procedure that generally takes five
shorten and end the year in 18 months. The second way, which will be
done, it is to try many different approaches simultaneously.
Dozens of vaccine candidates are in the process
As of April 9, there are 115 in development
different candidates for the Covid-19 vaccine. I think eight to
ten of them are quite promising (Gates says his foundation will
monitor all other tests to see if they missed a
which is also promising).
These are the most promising vaccines.
use different approaches on how they protect bodies from
Covid-19. To understand exactly what this means, it is helpful to remember
this is how the human immune system works.
When a disease pathogen enters your
system, your immune system reacts by producing antibodies. East
Antibodies bind to substances on the surface of germs, called
antigens that send a signal to your body that it has been attacked. Yours
the immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever had
won, so you can quickly identify and destroy the intruder before
to get sick
Vaccines bypass this entire process
that teach your body how to beat a pathogen without having to
get sick The two most common species, and probably the most famous, are
inactive and live vaccines.
Non-active vaccines contain pathogens.
who were killed. Live vaccines, on the other hand, are made of
live or attenuated pathogens. They are very effective, but they are
more likely to cause side effects than yours
“Inactive colleagues”.
Inactive and live vaccines are what
we call the “traditional” approach. There are a large number
Candidates for both vaccines for Covid-19, for good reason:
is a well established system, we know how to test them and
we produce
The downside is that they need a lot
time to do. There is a “ton” in each dose of vaccine
materials Most of this material is biological, which means yes
You have to cultivate it. It takes time, unfortunately.
I was especially touched by both of them
New approaches applicable to current vaccine candidates:
The RNA and DNA of the vaccine, says Gates. If one of these approaches
efficiently we are likely to get vaccines much faster
worldwide use (RNA and DNA vaccines are similar, the difference is in
a different type of genetic material and in application).
Gates says the Foundation is almost
has supported the development of an RNA vaccine platform for a decade. It is planned that
used to make the vaccine against diseases that affect
poor, like malaria, but now it seems one of the
The most promising options for Covid. The first vaccine candidate who is
started being tested in humans was the RNA vaccine that was
created by a company called Modern.
This is how the RNA vaccine works: instead of
injects the pathogen antigen into your body, gives the body a genetic code
required for the production of the antigen itself. When antigens appear in
on the outside of your cells, your immune system attacks them and learns how
to defeat the future intruder. Basically you are transforming your body into
vaccine production unit.
Because RNA vaccines make it possible
your body does most of the work, they don’t need a lot of material.
This makes them much faster to produce. However, there is a “tickle”:
We still know for sure that RNA is a viable vaccine platform.
Since Covid would be the first RNA vaccine created, we have to
We demonstrate that the platform itself works and creates immunity. Is
a bit like working simultaneously on building a computer system and yours
The first software.
Even if the RNA vaccine turns out to be
promising and underneath we still have to keep looking
Other options. We don’t know how the Covid-19 vaccine will work.
look until we do that we have to go full steam ahead
More access possible.
It may not be the perfect shot, but it’s okay too.
Smallpox vaccine (or
variola) is the only vaccine that has eliminated the disease from the face of the earth,
but she was also quite brutal to receive. She was leaving
the scar on the hand of anyone who has it. One in three had
bad enough side effects that I would have to put aside
school or work. A small but not insignificant number was developed
More serious reactions. The smallpox vaccine is far from
perfect, but she finished the job. The Covid-19 vaccine could
be similar
If we create the perfect vaccine,
we would like it to be completely safe and 100 percent efficient. That would be
it should be a single dose that gives you protection for life,
and should be easily stored and delivered. Hope Covid-19 vaccine
It has all these qualities, but given the time we have, it may not.
As I mentioned earlier, two
Safety and efficiency are priorities. Because we may not have any
time to do many years of study, we will have to carry out
phase one safety tests and make sure we have a
realistic evidence that the vaccine is completely safe to use.
We have a slightly bigger problem with
efficiency I doubt that an effective vaccine has at least 70
enough to stop the pandemic. 60 percent vaccine
efficiency is useful, but we will still have some local
epidemics Anything less than 60 percent efficient probably won’t
create enough “collective immunity” to stop the virus.
The big challenge will be to ensure it
that the vaccine works well in older people. As you get older, vaccines
are less and less effective Your immune system, like the rest of your body, ages
and more slowly recognizes and attacks intruders. That’s a big problem for
Covid-19 vaccine because older people are the most vulnerable. We have to
We make sure they are protected.
Herpes zoster vaccine, which is
Also aimed at older people, combat it by doing it
Its strength increases. It is possible to do something similar with
Covid-19 vaccine, although there may be side effects. Health
authorities may also require that people of certain years understand it
extra dose
In addition to safety and efficiency, you must
Consider some other factors:
How much will the dose be?
The vaccine you only get once
It is easier and faster to deliver. But we may need it
A multi-dose vaccine to allow efficacy.
How much does the fact cost?
Ideally, the vaccine will be
gives you long-term protection. But maybe we end up with one that
prevent you from getting sick for several months (such as a seasonal vaccine
flu, which protects you for about six months). If so, short-lived
the vaccine could be used while we work on that long term.
How will it be stored?
Many common vaccines keep it
at four degrees centigrade. This is the average temperature in
your refrigerator, making transportation and storage easy.
But, RNA vaccines must be
stored at much lower temperatures, below 80 degrees Celsius,
which will make it difficult to ship to all parts of the world.
Hopefully the vaccine that
We will have in 18 months to be as close as possible to “perfect”. Even
and if not, we will continue to improve. After that
happens I guess the covid-19 vaccine will become part of the routine
childhood immunization schedule.
Once we have the vaccine, more
we will be left with many big problems to solve. So
than …
We need to produce and distribute at least seven billion
vaccine dose
To stop the pandemic, we must
make the vaccine available to almost everyone on the planet. Never
we don’t deliver to every part of the set before. And as i said
Previously, vaccines were especially difficult to manufacture and store, he says.
Doors
There are many things that we cannot do
let’s find out the production and distribution of vaccines until we know what to do with it
We do exactly that. For example, can we use existing ones?
Covid-19 vaccine manufacturing factories?
What we can do now is
building different types of vaccine factories to prepare ourselves.
Each type of vaccine requires a different factory. We have to be
ready for different options, for each possible type of vaccine, how
we would start producing the final vaccine (or
vaccines). This will cost billions of dollars. Governments have to do it quickly
find a mechanism and make funds available for this. Doors
The foundation is currently working with CEPI, WHO and governments to find out
solutions
Part of that discussion focuses on who
you will receive the vaccine and when. The reality is that not everyone can do it at the same time
to receive the vaccine. It will take months, or even years, yeah
we create seven billion doses (or possibly 14 billion if
multi-dose vaccine), and we should start distribution as soon as possible
The first batch is ready.
Most people agree that health
workers must first receive the vaccine. But who is next? Old
people? Teachers? Workers in key jobs?
I think poor countries should
be one of the first to get them because people will be exposed
A much higher risk of dying. Covid-19 will expand much faster in
poor countries because it is more difficult to carry out measures such as physical
distancing Many people are in poor health, which makes them
more vulnerable to complications, and poor health systems
hinder the care they need. Get a shot at
Poor countries could save millions of lives. The good news is
that we already have an organization that knows how to do this, in Gavi, the Alliance for
vaccines
In the case of most vaccines,
manufacturers sign a contract with the country where the factories are located,
then that state receives the first amounts. It is unclear how it will work.
take place in this case. I hope we find a way to do it
evenly distributed throughout the world. WHO and national health authorities
we will have to develop a distribution plan once we improve
We understand what we are working on.
Eventually this will increase
The vaccine is available to everyone. And then we can go back to
normal, and hopefully make decisions that will prevent you
the more we find in this situation.
