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On March 5, 1953, Stalin died after leading the Soviet Union for nearly three decades. Directly related to Stalin’s name is the history of repression in the Soviet state: arrests, body labor, perennial isolation, and death sentences imposed by judicial and extrajudicial bodies. After many death sentences and shooting lists, the personal signature of J. Stalin. The political opponents of the Soviet system, “classically foreigners”, intellectuals, scientists and representatives of various nationalities were repressed. Your children, parents, wives and husbands.
There would be few families in the former Soviet Union that were not affected by the repression. J. Stalin’s family is no exception. In several years, NKVD officers arrested his first wife’s brother and sister, his second wife’s sister and her husband, her ex-husband’s husband, and their son’s wife. Currenttime.tv He told how Stalin repressed his own relatives and how his destiny changed after the death of the dictator.
“Joseph smiled lovingly the entire time.”
Stalin’s first wife, Catherine Svanidze, came from the family of the Georgian owner. His brother Alexander, along with Joseph Jugashvili (real name of J. Stalin – ed.), Studied at the Tifflis Spiritual Seminary.
Joseph and Catherine were married in 1906. A year later they had a son, Jakov. He was not yet a year old when his mother died of typhoid fever. The boy was raised by a large group of relatives in Georgia.
Wikipedia.org nuotr./Jekaterina Svanidzė
The first wife’s brother, Alexander Svanidze, and his wife, Mary, were close friends of Stalin for many years. Alexander is a prominent Bolshevik, People’s Commissar of Finance of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic and later Deputy Governor of the State Bank for Foreign Trade Operations. María is an opera soloist. Svanidze visited the dictator’s house and summer house, received him as a guest and exchanged gifts. There is a surviving diary of Mary Svanide, who wrote in 1934-1937.
“We had a great dinner, I was in a good mood, I told some jokes and J. (Joseph Stalin in JMSvanidze’s diaries) laughed a lot. We toast, “he wrote in June 1935.
And so, in August 1935, he spoke of a joint trip with Stalin and his close comrades in the circle of the newly completed construction of the Moscow metro: “J. He was smiling lovingly all the time, his eyes were good, good and loving. I think that despite his sober mind, he was still moved by the love of the people and the attention of his commander. <...> Speaking of the applause he was giving him, he somehow said: people need a tsar, that is, a man to whom they can bow and in whose name they would live and work. “
From 1936 to 1937, Maria Svanidze’s diary contained several furious records: first about the murderers of Sergei Kirov, then about the “Trotskyists” who were tried in Moscow when the Great Terror broke out. Even listening to the interference when the radio broadcasts Stalin’s speech, Marija Svanidze suspects deliberate harm.
And here in the 20th year of the revolution, those chameleons came to light, despite the deceptive clothing. There is no elemental humanity, no patriotism, or at least there is no simple animal attachment to its state ”, is a quote from the last entry in Maria Svanide’s diary on August 7, 1937. Four months later, in December, it was announced that one of these “chameleons” was her husband.
Wikipedia.org nuotr./Aleksandras Svanidzė
The investigation of his case lasted until 1940. Alexander Svanidze was accused of complicity with the Spanish Trotskyists and of espionage in favor of Germany. He was convicted of shooting and in the summer of 1941 the sentence was carried out. In 1956, Alexander Svanidze was rehabilitated after his death.
While Alexander’s case was being investigated, NKVD agents first arrested his wife and then his sister Maro. Both were shot on March 3, 1942, in execution of a resolution of the Special Council of the NKVD.
“Poisons” Alilujev
The father of J. Stalin’s second wife, Nadezhda, was a worker Sergei Aliluyev. The origin of Aliluyev is ideal (mother – servant, father – carrier), and his working biography corresponds to the Bolshevik spirit: as a hero of Maxim Gorky, he went “to the people” for twelve years, worked in the railway workshop in Tbilisi ( where he met the real Gorky, then Alexei Peškov)., then as an assistant driver. In 1917, Stalin lived with Alilujev in a conspiracy apartment in Petrograd and there he first saw his daughter Nadezhda, who was 16 years old at the time. A year later they were married.
Wikipedia.org nuotr./Nadežda Alilujeva
Nadezhda Alilujeva gave birth to Stalin’s son and daughter, Vasily and Svetlana, and committed suicide in 1932. She was not the only daughter in the family. Older brother Pavel served in the senior leadership of the Red Army, headed the Tank and Armor Office, and collaborated with the OGPU. At the height of the Great Terror, Pavel Aliluyev, along with other army commanders, appealed to Stalin to end the repression within the Red Army. On November 2, 1938, he was found dead in his office, his heart stopped. Rumors spread that Alilujev had been poisoned.
The NKVD employees of his wife Yevgeny Alilujeva (maiden name Zemlianicyna) were arrested in 1947. She was charged with poisoning her husband nine years after his death. No traces of poison were found during the exhumation, but Alilujeva was sent to the camp. Shortly after her arrest, her second husband, Nikolai Molochnikov, was also arrested. They both survived in the camps, but were separated when they were released. Both rehabilitated.
Kira Alilujeva, the daughter of Pavel and Yevgeny, an actress from the Little Theater, also passed through the camp. She was arrested in January 1948. Alilujeva Jr. turned out to be a “weak link” – she testified against relatives, including her aunt Anna Redens, whose maiden name was Alilujeva and who was the native sister of Pavel and Nadezhda.
“Anti-Soviet fiction”, “Blackening of Stalin”, when Anna Redens was arrested in 1948, was among the “evidence” of her case. Redens was charged with espionage and spent several years in prison. There she had a mental illness: she no longer knew her son, she was apathetic about everything. He died in 1964 in the Kremlin Hospital.
Anna Reden’s husband, a Polish Bolshevik and Felix Dzerzhinsky’s colleague, was shot ten years before his wife was arrested. During the Great Terror, Stanislav Redens became one of the organizers of the repression in the Moscow region: he participated in the investigation of the case of Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, and planted the Bolshevik Martemyan Riutin. In 1938, Redens was appointed People’s Commissar for Internal Affairs of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic and has already been removed from his post as “enemy of the people.”
In 1956, all charges against Redens were dropped after his death. “Another sin on my head was to rehabilitate Redens,” said Major General Boris Viktorov, who worked on the special rehabilitation team of the Main Military Prosecutor’s Office during the defeat of the Stalin cult. The alleged group did not intend to rehabilitate Redens, but received personal instruction from Nikita Khrushchev to do so.
Other Aliluyevs were generally rehabilitated.
Beloved daughter and unloved son
Svetlana Alilujeva, the youngest and most beloved daughter of Joseph Stalin, married for the first time as a student in 1944. His chosen one was Grigory Morozov, son of the commercial director of the perfume factory Joseph Morozov and classmate of Svetlana’s brother Vasily .
Photo from Wikipedia.org / Svetlana, the daughter of Joseph Stalin, sits on the roads of Lavrentius Beria as a child. In the background at the table – J. Stalin
The marriage lasted three years. Svetlana later wrote that her father was unhappy with his choice due to Morozov’s origin – he was Jewish.
In 1948, Svetlana’s uncle, who was actively trying to make as many friends as possible between new relatives and loved ones, was arrested. The marriage was dissolved. Grigory was deprived of his passport and issued a new one, without marriage marks. Joseph Morozov was released in 1953 when Stalin died.
In 1957, Svetlana Alilujeva married John Svanidze, the son of Alexander himself and Mary Svanidius, whom Stalin invited to the summer house and took the subway, and later became “the enemy of the people.” In 1938, when John (who was named after writer and journalist John Reed) was resigned by all of his abundant relatives, he was taken in by a former nanny. During the interrogation questions, the eleven-year-old boy was asked to testify against his father. At the age of 16, Johnny Swanidze ended up in a psychiatric hospital in Kazan Prison, where he spent three years. From there he was sent into exile in Kazakhstan for five years. Johnny returned to Moscow in 1956 and was rehabilitated. He became an African scientist and worked at the Moscow State University. Marriage with Svetlana Alilujeva did not last long.
Wikipedia.org nuotr./Svetlana Alilujeva
Like the marriage of Jakov Dzhugashvili, the son of Elder Stalin, to the ballet artist Julia Melcer. They were married in 1938. Julia was Jakov’s third wife and he was her fifth husband (according to the diary of Maria Svanidze, who, incidentally, did not like her new relative). A year later, a daughter, Galina, was born. And two years later, in 1941, Yakov fell into Nazi captivity while surrounded by Vitebsk.
Photo from Wikipedia.org / Jacob Jugashvili
Legends and various speculations about this event and Stalin’s reaction still float. Among them is a version that the Germans offered to trade Jakov Stalin for Field Marshal Friedrich Paul. All that is known is that Jakov Jugashvili (Stalin) died in the spring of 1943 in the Zaksenhausen concentration camp near Berlin.
Then his widow was released: Julia Melcer spent a year and a half in prison. Svetlana Alilujeva later wrote that the arrest warrant had been issued by Stalin herself, stating that his wife had had a bad influence on Yakov, allegedly leading to captivity.
The case of Vasily Stalin
Stalin’s youngest son, the “golden boy of the Kremlin”, became the only relative of the dictator who was not repressed while his father was alive, but after his death.
On March 26, 1953, three weeks after the death of his father, Vasily Stalin was released from the reserve with the rank of Lieutenant General. But three months later, he was arrested and charged with embezzlement of state property and “defamatory reasoning” about the Soviet leadership. He gave him eight years in prison and sent him to Vladimir prison.
Photo from Wikipedia.org/Vasilijus Džiugašvilis
Stalin Jr. was not sitting under his own name: the documents said he was Vasily Pavlovich Vasilyev, a worker convicted of waste. Released prematurely in the 1960s, but within a year later, he found himself behind bars after visiting the Chinese embassy, where he allegedly slandered the Soviet homeland.
Deported to Kazan by court order, Stalin’s son did not live long: he died in 1962 of alcohol intoxication. In the last years of his life, Vasily was not only prohibited from living in Moscow, but was also deprived of the right to bear Stalin’s name. He was issued a passport in the name of Dzhugashvili.
In 1999, the Supreme Court of Russia partially rehabilitated Vasily Stalin.
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