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Eleven covid-19 vaccines are now in phase three of testing, according to the overview from the Norwegian Medicines Agency. Phase three is the last level before vaccines are submitted for approval, and the vaccines are tested in several thousand people. Three vaccines are currently being approved in the EU, while testing is still ongoing.
Inactivated virus vaccines:
* Sinovac (China and others)
* Sinopharm (Beijing)
* Sinopharm (Wuhan)
* Bharat (India)
These vaccines consist of covid-19 viruses that have died. The virus does not cause disease, but it stimulates the body to produce antibodies against covid-19.
Vaccines that contain parts of the virus:
* Novavax (United States)
The vaccine contains fragments of the covid-19 virus. It does not cause disease, but the body is stimulated to produce antibodies against COVID-19.
Vector vaccines (not replicable):
* Astra Zeneca and Oxford (UK). The approval process is ongoing in the EU
* Sputnik (Russia)
* CanSino (China)
* Johnson & Johnson (Janssen) (United States)
These vaccines do not contain the covid-19 virus, but rather another type of virus into which parts of the genetic material of the covid-19 have been inserted. The virus enters the cells of the body and causes them to produce the covid-19 virus nail protein. The body perceives the protein as foreign and produces antibodies that also work against the coronavirus.
MRNA vaccines:
* BioNTech and Pfizer (Germany, USA) The approval process is ongoing in the EU.
* Modern NIAID (US) approval process ongoing in the EU.
These vaccines contain mRNA (genetic material) wrapped in tiny fat particles that are absorbed by the body’s cells. Cells read the code from the mRNA and form so-called spike proteins of the same type as the coronavirus. The body perceives the protein as foreign and produces antibodies that also work against the coronavirus. This type of vaccine has never been used in humans before.
(Source: Norwegian Medicines Agency)
