What bronze statues were unearthed in the world of Dakou Zun and Yuankou Fangzun in Sanxingdui? _Sina News

Original title: What bronze statues were unearthed at Sanxingdui, Dakouzun, and Yuankou Fangzun?

“Distinguish the famous objects of the six statues to worship the guests.” According to “Zhou Li · Xiao Zongbo”, extraordinary items cannot be used when it is not for sacrificial offerings or to entertain VIPs.

The newly discovered statue at the Sanxingdui site

Among the ritual vessels unearthed at Sanxingdui, Zunhe Lei is the most distinctive. The re-excavation 35 years later, and then it shocked the world. The newly discovered bronze vessels in the Sanxingdui sacrificial pit are thick and fantastic in shape, including the square round mouth statues and upper bronze statues, bronze dragon-shaped accessories, etc., are discovered for the first time. So since the excavation of Pits No. 1 and 2 at the Sanxingdui site, how many statues have been unearthed at Sanxingdui? What are their characteristics? The Red Star News reporter visited him on March 20.

　　Dakou Zun, Round Mouth Square Zun appeared

At the press conference on the 20th, experts focused on a large-mouthed statue and a round-mouthed square statue.

The bronze dakouzun is the oldest artifact found in six newly discovered sacrificial pits. It is a typical late southern Shang style bronze pottery. It is over 60 cm tall and is decorated with animal heads and bird heads on the shoulders. The largest mouthpiece found in the country.

Newly discovered Fang Zun at the Sanxingdui site

The square round-mouth statue is the only one discovered by scientific excavations in China, and the other is passed down from generation to generation. According to experts, this bronze statue is not only rare in shape, but also beautifully decorated. The main body of this square statue is decorated with gluttonous patterns. Symmetrical bird decoration is a feature of the Yangtze River Basin. It is rare in northern China. However, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, including the Sanxingdui site, among the dozens of statues originally excavated, 8 pieces are decorated with this standing bird.

　　The master of cultural relic restoration repairs the eighth mouth

At the Sanxingdui Cultural Museum Center, Guo Hanzhong, a master of cultural relic restoration, is restoring a large statue, the eighth statue of Sanxingdui in which he participated in the restoration.

Before restoration, the damaged statue was actually a pile of fragments. “This statue has been repaired as of September 2020, and it has basically taken shape.” Guo Hanzhong said the statue he is restoring is relatively large and more vertiginous. Thick, they belong to the first Sanxingdui bronzes. The shape and characteristics of this mouth statue are similar to those of the statue unearthed at the same time in Sanxingdui.

The bronze statue being restored by Guo Hanzhong

In the restoration of the bronze statue, the six main techniques of cleaning, piecing, modeling, reconditioning, color matching and distressing are intertwined.

According to Guo Hanzhong, some parts of the mouth are defective and he has been certified by a sculpture expert to conduct research on the restoration of the mouth. “We have done a research restoration on the incomplete mouth part, and the other parts are based on it.”

Previously, many manholes were dug up in wells No. 1 and 2 at the Sanxingdui site. Today they are in an almost perfect posture before the world. It is inseparable from the silent contributions of Yang Xiaowu and Guo Hanzhong. Everyone participated, and each restoration is like traveling through time and space asking the ancients for advice. “

With the discovery of the Sanxingdui site, many statues and lei will be unearthed. “Some of these statues have not been seen before, large and small, in various shapes, round and square statues, which can fill in information that was not available before,” Guo Hanzhong said.

　　The collection of dragons and tigers is particularly exquisite.

“2 round statues in the sacrificial pit number 1 at the Sanxingdui site, 8 round statues in the sacrificial pit in the sacrificial pit number 2, 3 fragments of the round statue and 1 fragment of the square statue.” Yu Jian, director of In the department of preservation of cultural relics of the Sanxingdui Site Museum, the introduced and unearthed Bronze ceremonial vessels include vessels such as zun, li, vial, plate and lid, among which zun and li are the most badges.

Sanxingdui bronze statues are divided into two shapes: round and square. The round statue has the largest number and is the most representative.

The Dragon and Tiger Zun unearthed in Sanxingdui

Among the previously unearthed statues, a dragon and tiger statue with a shoulder diameter of 32 cm and a residual height of 43.3 cm is particularly exquisite. The artifact was unearthed from sacrificial pit number 1, and the three dragons cast in high relief on the artifact’s shoulders are moving. The dragon’s head sticks out from the shoulders, the dragon’s horns are tall and columnar, the longan is round, and the body is decorated with a heavy diamond-shaped ring pattern. The abdomen of the statue has three groups of the same pattern. The main pattern is a high-relief tiger and a person. One person stands under the tiger’s neck. The person’s head looks into the tiger’s mouth. The person’s arms are raised, and the legs squat separately.

Wu Weixi, Director of the Research Department of the Sanxingdui Museum, said: “Some experts have suggested that this dragon and tiger is a cannibal image of a tiger, but in fact it looks like a shaman, and the tiger is protecting this person; it can also be used by a shaman. An ornament in the shape of a tiger. This is similar to the form of a tiger cannibal in an artifact unearthed at Yinxu. “

　　Highly developed bronze casting technology of ancient Shu people

Zun is a vessel for wine, and it is also the common name for a vessel for wine.

Bronze ceremonial vessels are utensils used in ceremonial occasions such as sacrifices, banquets, court appointments, etc., they are the embodiment of the ritual hierarchy and the symbol of the authority of the ruling class, and are the most important tools from a country.

Statues unearthed at Sanxingdui

Wu Weixi introduced that during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the ritual bronze vessels unearthed in the central plains were mainly tripods, zun, lilies, flower pots, etc. Among them, the tripod had the highest status and was a symbol of the country and politics. can. However, the land of Shu almost never makes tripods, and there is more respect. Sanxingdui bronze vessels also have the characteristics of typical bronzes from the same period of the Shang culture. From the point of view of form, the neck is high and the mouth slightly larger than the diameter of the shoulder, the shoulders are bent and the ring feet are higher; From the point of view of ornamentation, the pattern of thunder on the ground, the pattern of the animal’s face and the shape are all similar. “These statues fully reflect the highly developed bronze casting technology of the ancient Shu people of the Shang Dynasty.”

Large-mouthed statues in the southern part of the late Shang dynasty, including those found in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing and elsewhere, reportedly displayed tall vessels, large open mouths, and high circular feet. The bronze making technology of the Shang Dynasty, based on Panlong City, spread to the Yangtze River Basin and developed after spreading to the ruins of Jiangxi Wucheng and the ruins of Niucheng, Sichuan Sanxingdui, Jinsha and others. sites, becoming common representatives of the early Bronze civilization in the Yangtze River basin. Since then, the cultural ecology of the Yangtze River Basin has changed. Residents of the Yangtze River Basin with local cultural genes adopt and embrace the bronze casting technology of the Central Plains, while combining the bronze-bearing material with local spiritual beliefs, life traditions, and aesthetic tastes to bring forth the new.

“The ancient Shu civilization in the Sanxingdui period may have been influenced by, and intersected with, the Yin and Shang civilizations. The ancient Shu people learned and borrowed characteristics of the Central Plains culture in technical tools for manufacturing. , but they have changed in decoration. Incorporating local cultural characteristics. “Wu Weixi introduced that after taking advantage of the bronze casting technology of the Central Plains, combined with their own religious beliefs and sacrificial culture, the ancient Shu people created the Sanxingdui civilization and formed a unique local bronze culture.

Red Star News reporter Wang Mingping

Editor in Charge: Zhang Di