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CCTV News: “Dongfanghong No. 1” is the beginning of the development of China’s satellite industry. How did the researchers use the simplest equipment at the time to accomplish China’s first space mission? Let’s find answers together from the fighting stories of the previous generation of astronauts.
“Visible”: let the world see “Chinese star”
In accordance with the general objective of “Dongfanghong-1” satellite technology established in 1967, satellites must be “capable, accessible, audible and visible”. “Visible” means that when the satellite is flying in orbit, it must be directly visible to people on the ground. The researchers finally devised a “borrowed light” method, which involves installing a circle of observation skirts to increase brightness in the third-stage rocket. By reflecting sunlight, the brightness of the observation improves considerably. There is no information to learn, and the development team groped a little over a year. But on the ground, it has never been possible to really verify the visual effects of satellites hundreds or even thousands of miles away.
Shen Zuwei, chief of the 508 Dongfanghong No.1 observation system of the fifth group of the Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology: I really have no bottom in my heart. The perigee of our orbit is 438 (439) kilometers, and the apogee is 2484 kilometers. If you say you can see it over 400 kilometers, can you see the entire satellite?
At 8:29 pm on April 25, the “Dongfanghong-1” satellite flew over Beijing. The developers still clearly remember the path in the sky.
Liu Fuyu, leader of the electrical measurement equipment of the Dongfanghong-1 satellite assembly workshop of the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Technology Group: Everyone stopped at that moment, I also looked up, it really was a brilliant satellite. The mood at the time was really exciting. Everyone was crying.
Sun Jiadong, General Manager of Satellite Technology of Dongfanghong-1, winner of the “Two Bombs and One Star” Medal of Merit and the Republic Medal: When launching “Dongfanghong No. 1”, the accuracy of entering orbit is quite high.
One person can go faster, but a group of people can go further. On launch day, more than 600,000 people across the country protected a pole along the 2,000-km-long route to ensure smooth communication.
“Listen”: Dongfanghong sings in the universe
You can see the satellite. How can it be “audible”?
Lu Jiaju, expert in Dongfanghong-1 502 satellite telemetry system of the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Technology Group: The first proposal to use a recorder. At that time, tape recorders and tapes were so big. You said something so big will be heaven, and it’s something mechanical. What about reliability? Later, I thought about electronic music.
This method actually converts the electronic music version of Dongfanghong music into radio signals in space, and transmits it after receiving it on the ground.
Lu Jiaju, expert in Dongfanghong-1 502 satellite telemetry system of the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Technology Group: At the time, it was basically how many years it had been around, at least about four years.
Reporter:What happens if this piece of music is not released?
Lu Jiaju, expert of the 502 Dongfanghong-1 satellite telemetry system of the Fifth Academy of the Aerospace Science and Technology Group: Of course it was a failure.
Fifteen minutes after launch, the State Broadcasting Administration reported that it received the “Dongfanghong” music transmitted by China’s “Dongfanghong No. 1” satellite, and that the sound was clear and bright.
“Upload”: 13 failures and 6 successes
To launch the 173 kg “Dongfanghong-1” satellite, it is inseparable from the powerful power provided by the launch vehicle. In 1965, a group of youths decidedly came to the deserted Gobi beach in Inner Mongolia to start pioneering solid rocket engines in China. In the early stages of development, the technology was immature, and it was often in danger of engine failure or even a violent explosion. At that time, a total of 19 test runs were performed, and the first 13 times ended in failure.
Chen Keming, the third-stage solid rocket engine developer of the First March of the Sixth Academy of China Aerospace Science and Technology: The last six of 19 times were successful, and there were no failures for six consecutive times.
On the night of April 24, 1970, when the “Long March One” rocket was about to ignite and launch, Chen Keming was the last person to evacuate the launch tower and wanted to do a final inspection of the solid engine.
Chen Keming, the third-stage solid rocket engine developer of the First March of the Sixth Academy of China Aerospace Science and Technology: The last procedure is to install a third pole electric fog tube, which is the most dangerous, but we were not afraid in those days. This shows that we have made a breakthrough in cutting-edge technology.
Small abacus establishes a highly worthwhile satellite thermal control scheme through manual calculation
Behind many advances lie the extremely difficult conditions: the previous generation of astronauts started from scratch and embarked on the path of Chinese airspace.
Hou Zengqi, Dongfanghong-1 Satellite Temperature Control Expert, Fifth Academy of Aerospace Technology Group: This is the calculation of the thermal control at that time, which was calculated for different working conditions. At that time, the calculation started with the abacus, and later only with the slide rule.
Reporter:There are ten negative cubes.
Hou Zengqi, expert in satellite temperature control of Dongfanghong-1, the fifth aerospace technology group: Tenth to eighth power here …
Hou Zengqi, Dongfanghong-1 Satellite Temperature Control Expert, Fifth Academy of Aerospace Technology Group: There is no design method for the calculation method. I will derive the formula myself, build the equation, and then solve it. Everything is done by hand, which is now unimaginable.
At that time, not only was the equipment simple, but the experimental conditions were also very difficult.
Qi Faxun, Principal Technical Leader of Dongfanghong No.1, the fifth aerospace technology group: For example, if you want to do a low temperature experiment, there is no low temperature lab, where to do it? In the Armada’s cold storage, we wear coats and experiment with plastic shoes in the summer. After leaving, our plastic shoes were frozen and cracked, and it was very difficult. But in that case, we can accomplish this task.
Fifty years ago, the “Dongfanghong No. 1” temperature control range was approximately 5 degrees to 40 degrees, and even if this number is placed today, it can still meet most satellite requirements.
Qi Faxun, Principal Technical Leader of Dongfanghong No.1, the fifth aerospace technology group: Our own “Dongfanghong-1” satellite does not use foreign technology or foreign products. Temperature control technology is also advanced. We can not only emit signals, we can also sing, which is something that foreigners have not done.
[[[[Publisher: Ding Yubing ]
