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Original title: Strengthening cooperation to protect marine biodiversity (international perspective)
Global warming, overfishing in fisheries and increasing pollution of marine plastic debris have caused serious damage to marine ecosystems and biodiversity. Advice from environmental experts, internationalsocietyIt is necessary to further strengthen the comprehensive management of the ocean, reduce the impact of human activities on marine biodiversity and gradually establish production andconsumptionmode.
The British weekly website “New Scientist” recently published an article in which between 1970 and 2018, overfishing has reduced the number of marine sharks and rays by at least 71%, and some marine species are facing a crisis of ” ethnic collapse. ” The researchers pointed out that if predators like sharks disappear in one area, it’s easy to set off a chain reaction throughout the marine ecosystem.
Many environmental protection agencies have called on all countries to strengthen international cooperation, work hard to solve problems such as overfishing and pollution by marine litter, and jointly protect the colorful planet.
Reduced the number of marine species by more than half
“In January of this year, the number of stranded dolphins we found was double that of the same period last year, and has so far exceeded 400.”lengthAccording to French biologist Jelena Pertier, who tracked the stranding of dolphins and cetaceans in the French coastal city of La Rochelle. He said that in recent years, most of the stranded dolphins have left scars caused by deep-sea trawlers and large purse seines. The “unscreened” fishing method is considered the leading cause of dolphin death.
Overfishing has had a profound impact on marine ecosystems and biodiversity. Global naturebackgroundLife on earthreport“2020” shows that between 1970 and 2016, the world’s number of mammals, birds, fish and amphibians decreased by an average of 68%, and the number of global marine species decreased by more than half on average during the last 40 years.
In the early morning of the fish market in the old port of Marseille in the southern French city, boats returning from night fishing full of fish came to shore, this is the busiest time of the day. For many years, the fish market The fish market from the Old Port of Marseille has maintained a relatively stable commercial scale, however, fishermen are increasingly concerned about the decline in the amount of fish, especially cod.priceIt also went up.
Climate change and marine pollution have also exacerbated the deterioration of the living environment for marine life. A research paper published in the British journal Nature on January 27 of this year noted that global ocean surface temperature has been rising for the past 12,000 years due to retreating ice sheets and greenhouse gas emissions. greenhouse. The researchers noted that rising ocean temperatures will cause large-scale migration of marine species to the deep sea and the poles, and the number of species in warm waters will decline, indirectly affecting marine biodiversity. Marine debris, especially microplastic debris, is severely polluted, causing the continuous loss of marine ecosystems and species habitats, causing an imbalance in the structure of marine biological communities.
Marine governance and protection become a consensus
Today, many countries around the world are actively involved in global and regional ocean governance and protection, and are working hard to create barriers to the protection of marine biodiversity through legislation and establishment of areas protected marinas.
From an international perspective, the international community has initially establishedSuppliesThe two main types of source protection treaties are the marine environmental governance system. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted in 1982, ismanagementMarine resources provide an international framework. the year 1995FAOPass the “negativeresponsibilityFisherybehaviourCode and developed detailed guidelines on fisheries issues to protect marine ecosystems and biodiversity.
In order to protect animals and plants in danger of extinction, the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity was created. Currently, the “Post 2020 Biodiversity Framework”negotiationIt has entered a critical juncture and will be reviewed at the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) in Kunming in May 2021.secretaryGuterres believes that COP15 will play an important role in establishing a global biodiversity framework and slowing the extinction crisis.
Countries are paying increasing attention to the construction of marine protected areas and by prohibiting fishing, mining or restrictingdealShip navigation and other measures to prevent overexploitation of marine resources and protect marine biodiversity. Statistics show that by the end of 2019, around 16,000 marine protected areas of various types have been designated or established globally, representing 7.9% of the global ocean area. Among them, the United States, Great Britain, France, New Zealand, Palau, Kiribati and other countries have established a number of super-large marine protected areas with an area of more than 100,000 square kilometers, and protected areas are fully or partially prohibited.
Some regions have also formulated detailed rules to deal with overfishing. For example, the European Union has implemented various reforms to the Common Fisheries Policy since 2011, and has imposed strict requirements on the fishing of fishermen: on the one hand, they establish fishing quotas for fishermen, and on the other hand, they also require that Fishermen perform manual screening during the fishing process., To avoid catching some rare marine species. The EU also strongly supports the development of the aquaculture industry, while at the same time introducing supportive fisheries regulations and implementing a “blacklist” system for illegal fishing vessels to combat illegal fishing.
Strengthening international cooperation is of great importance
Nestled between Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and East Timor, the “Golden Coral Triangle” is one of the most abundant areas of marine biodiversity in the world. It was once threatened by the gradual disappearance of coral reefs and mangroves. In 2009, the six countries and international partners reached the “Coral Golden Triangle Protection Plan” to expand the area of the protected area, jointly combat illegal fishing and environmental damage, and invest moremoneySupport the sustainable development of the ocean and other measures to save and maintain it, highlighting the importance of international cooperation for the governance and protection of the oceans.
Not long ago, UNESCO launched the “Decade of the Oceans” initiative, urging all walks of life around the world to provide innovative solutions for the sustainable development of the oceans. Guterres noted that people must cooperate to ensure the healthy survival of biodiversity and marine ecosystems. He believes that 2021 is a crucial year for marine protection, and overfishing must be stopped, protected areas increased, and chemical and plastic pollution greatly reduced to achieve “reconciliation with nature.”
inNon-profit organizationsAccording to Dana Miller, Senior Policy Advisor at Oceana, dialogue and cooperation between departments and countries are of great importance: “The experience accumulated by some countries will truly change the way we consider, evaluate and use the ocean now and in the future. Future In ocean governance It is very important to strengthen international cooperation on the ground, which will ensure that all countries and regions also enjoy the development opportunities offered by the ocean. “
However, there are still many difficulties and problems to be solved in the process of promoting the specific implementation of the protection of marine biodiversity. Dan Lafrey, an expert on marine conservation at the World Conservation Union, noted that, from a legal perspective, current global ocean governance is “fragmented”. In this context, it is difficult to form a set of international governance programs and responses.mechanismHow to achieve a good balance between ecology, economy and society in fisheries management is also a challenge for all countries.Decision makerAn article from the French environmental website “Greenpeace” states that protecting marine ecology requires “going faster and further”, reducing the impact of marine activities on marine biodiversity and gradually establishing more sustainable production and production .Consumption pattern。
(Source: People’s Daily)
(Responsible editor: DF524)
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