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The important question that has no answer: the term of immunity
There are 15 promising COVID vaccines in the final stages of testing, known as a third phase clinical trial, but the “Pfizer” and “Bayontek” product is the first to show a result. Although with the stipulation that it is intermediate and that there are more pending controls.
Infectious disease vaccine development typically takes years to develop, clinical trials to demonstrate safety and efficacy, procedures to be approved and come to life. Most of the initial candidates do not reach the end. So far, the speed record has a mumps vaccine that comes out of the lab to be used in 4 years.
However, even with perfect success, elimination of a disease is not guaranteed. To date, humanity has been completely free from a single infectious disease, smallpox, and it has taken 200 years.
The vaccine, which aims to break records by rapidly establishing protection against the new coronavirus disease, uses a new type of experimental approach. In the 1990s it was born as a hope for cancer treatment, but over time the idea spread to a wide range of diseases. The technology
use part of
the genetic code
of the virus
The goal is for the immune system to create protection against the pathogen when it enters the body. This type of vaccine has been called a gene by analogy and is the latest to join the method of making an immune defense. In addition, with complete mobilization, activating both innate and acquired adaptive immunity.
Data from previous volunteer trials show that they are needed
2 doses with interval
from 3 weeks
to achieve 90% protection after the second injection. This means 23 days, or about a month, to develop immunity. However, the exact efficacy of the vaccine may change compared to intermediate when the final results of clinical trials are analyzed. The creators say they will have enough safety data by the third week of November and will immediately send their results to regulators, who must approve them with the relevant evidence.
Are we close to solving the COVID riddle? Barely. Many questions remain unanswered. How long will immunity work? Is the vaccine equally effective at different ages and for different vulnerable groups? Do vaccinated people who do not develop symptoms continue to spread the virus? Is the world ready to meet the logistical and production challenges of immunizing large numbers of people with a vaccine that
loses power
out of the ultra low
temperature
in warehouse
Other companies have used genetic approaches to vaccine development, but have yet to see results.
The other competing technology with great potential for near-final trials in the third phase are vaccines like AstraZeneca, which use a vector to mediate the process of building resistance to the coronavirus. In this case, the adenoviruses are “taken advantage of”, one of the companies is even experimenting with a measles virus.
However, this type of vaccine has a slower biotech process than genetic vaccines, and some immunologists say there are more risks for humans, for whom the particular vector used may be risky rather than safe for the general population. The effect of the vaccine can also be altered when a person has antibodies against the carrier virus used, the vector into which the gene for the target virus is inserted. The Oxford vaccine has passed all safety tests, unlike Sputnik 5.
These two approaches are not the only ones in the battle for supremacy over the animal-to-human coronavirus. Everyone’s goal is to expose the body to
antigen that
will not cause
disease,
But it will trigger an immune response that can block or kill the virus if a person becomes infected. Some use the SARS-2 virus itself in a weakened or dead form, others want to inject coronavirus proteins directly into the body, and still others want protein fragments or protein coatings that mimic the outer shell of the coronavirus.
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