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As scientists race to develop a coronavirus vaccine to get the world back to normal, MailOnline has taken a look at potential candidates.
Vaccine trials were suspended on Wednesday, but may still be ready this year.
The Oxford vaccine
When will it be ready?: Late 2020 / early 2021. Despite the trials being suspended on Wednesday, its developers and Number 10 remain confident that the vaccine could be ready for use later this year or early next year. They say that a hiatus is common in trials and that its development also stopped in July after a suspected side effect was detected.
How does it work?: The vaccine works by exposing participants to a weakened common cold adenovirus that has SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus proteins attached to its surface. The idea is that exposure allows the immune system to develop an immune response, which means that they are protected if they are infected by the actual virus.
Has the UK insured doses ?: Yes, 100 million. The United States has secured another 300 million doses, along with several other countries. These will be implemented equitably.
How much?: AstraZeneca, which is developing the vaccine with the University of Oxford, has said it will not benefit from it, but could get additional royalties if the coronavirus becomes an endemic infection like the flu. The United States has spent $ 1.2 billion (£ 930 million) obtaining doses, which means they are worth $ 4 (£ 3.10) each.
Biontech, Germany
The Biontech vaccine may be ready this year
When will it be ready?: Later this year, researchers say. The vaccine is being developed by a German company in association with the American pharmaceutical company Pfizer. It is recruiting 30,000 volunteers for its phase three trials.
How does it work?: This is an RNA vaccine, a type that has never been approved by regulators before. It will involve injecting a fragment of genetic material from the coronavirus into the participants. This will expose their immune system to a weakened version of the virus, and hopefully trigger a response that will protect them from the real virus.
Has the UK insured doses ?: Yes, 30 million doses. The United States also ordered 100 million doses.
Price?: The United States is paying $ 2 billion (£ 1.5 billion) for its doses, or around $ 20 (£ 15) per injection.
Modern, USA
Modern vaccine entered human trials
When will it be ready?: Very late this year or next. The vaccine has recruited 20,000 participants for its stage three trials. Provided no potential side effects are seen, a second test will be done on more patients next month. This means that it could be available by the end of 2020.
How does it work?: This is an RNA-based vaccine, similar to the one Biontech is developing.
Has the UK insured doses ?: No. Reports suggest that the UK task force has failed to secure any doses of this vaccine.
How much?: The United States ordered 100 million doses at a price of $ 1.5 billion (£ 1.1 billion). This means that a jab costs $ 32 (£ 25).
Sanofi and GlaxoSmithKline, UK and France
The Sanofi vaccine will not be available this year
When will it be ready?: First half of 2021. The vaccine entered phase two of clinical trials in September, with 440 adults. It will reach phase three rehearsals in December this year. There may be setbacks along the way, which means the vaccine could take longer to develop.
How does it work?: Participants are injected with DNA that codes for coronavirus antigens and a chemical that makes it more potent. This is expected to trigger an immune response.
Has the UK insured doses ?: Yes. Up to 60 million will be supplied if the vaccine is shown to work.
How much?: Unknown. This information has not been provided.
Sputnik V, Russia
Sputnik V is safe, according to the Kremlin, but has been criticized by scientists
When will it be ready?: ‘Imminently’. The Russian institute for medical research and the Russian defense ministry have developed this vaccine. But it has faced serious criticism both inside and outside Russia because the results of its human trials have yet to be published. It also hasn’t approved large human trials, and the researchers only released one with 40,000 volunteers on Aug. 26. Scientists say the vaccine was rushed without proper controls and could pose a risk to those taking it. The Kremlin began soliciting volunteers for the vaccine this week after a first batch was produced, according to the TASS news agency.
How does it work?: The Russian vaccine works by carrying a part of the genetic code of the coronavirus to a participant through another virus. This is expected to elicit an immune response.
Has the UK insured doses ?: No. Countries that are lining up to test the vaccine include Mexico, which has obtained 32 million doses, and Kazakhstan, which will buy two million.
How much?: The price of the vaccine has yet to be revealed.
Sinovac, China
It is not clear when the Sinovac vaccine will be available.
When will it be ready?: Unknown. The vaccine entered end-stage trials in Brazil in July and then in Indonesia in August. The results show that while younger and middle-aged people produced antibodies, older people had a weaker immune response. The vaccine received emergency approval for limited use in July, the reports suggest, though it appears to be still subject to testing. It was previously reported to rank second after the Oxford vaccine, but full test results have yet to be published. It is one of four candidate vaccines under development in China.
How does it work?: It involves injecting patients with an inactivated form of the virus, causing their immune system to develop a response.
Has the UK insured doses ?: Unknown. Reports suggest no dosages have been assured.
How much?: China has not yet released this information.
