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The Istituto Superiore della Sanità has published on its website a series of Faqs related to vaccination against covidity that provide answers to the most common questions.
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Are Sars-CoV-2 vaccines effective?
To be approved by regulatory authorities, all vaccines must demonstrate efficacy. In the case of the vaccine produced by Pfizer, the first to be approved, the trials showed an efficacy of 94%. Several dozen other candidates are undergoing human testing around the world, some of them at an advanced stage, which will be approved if they are effective and safe.
What evidence is there of their safety, given that they were approved so quickly?
The tests requested by the authorities and carried out on candidate vaccines against Sars-Cov-2 are the same as for all other drugs and vaccines already previously approved. In Europe, it has been possible to accelerate the process thanks to the greater resources available and by adopting a system for reviewing specific documentation, which includes examining the results of the different phases of experimentation as they arrive and not ‘en bloc’ at the end. In the case of the Pfizer vaccine, 44,000 people have been tested in different countries around the world.
For the first time, “RNA” vaccines will be used. What does that mean?
Usually the “weakened” virus (or bacteria), or part of it, is injected into the vaccine. The immune system recognizes the “intruder” and produces the antibodies that it will use when it encounters the “real one.” In the case of RNA vaccines, instead, the ‘instruction’ is injected to produce a particular protein, called a ‘spike’ protein, which is what the virus uses to ‘stick’ to cells. The cell then produces itself the “foreign” protein, which once recognized activates the production of antibodies.
Is this technology dangerous? Am I at risk of changes in my DNA?
In addition to not having the ‘instructions’ to modify DNA, messenger RNA never enters the cell nucleus, which is the part that contains the genome, so it cannot alter it in any way. Also, messenger RNA degrades after a few days, once its “job” has been done.
How long does the protection last? Can I come back to life before the pandemic once I have the vaccine?
Observations in trials so far have shown that protection lasts for a few months, while it will be necessary to wait for longer observation periods to know whether a vaccination will be sufficient for several years or will need to be repeated. It is not yet clear, but studies are underway on whether the vaccine only protects against disease or also prevents infection. At least initially, even those who are vaccinated must maintain some protective measures.
Who will be vaccinated? When can I do it?
In a first phase, health workers and residents of the RSA will be vaccinated. Later, as vaccine supplies arrive, we will proceed with the rest of the population, starting with the most fragile subjects, such as the elderly or those with previous illnesses. The vaccine will be free and will be held in public facilities. At the moment, children and adolescents, in whom the vaccine has not been tested, are excluded from vaccination, while evaluations are carried out for pregnant and lactating women.
What are the side effects?
Like all vaccines, even those against Sars-Cov-2 can cause undesirable effects. During experimentation, common reactions were found, already observed in other vaccines. In all countries that have adopted the vaccine, including Italy, there is still a surveillance system that compiles reports.
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