Scientists have inserted human genes into monkeys’ brains to make them bigger and wrinkled in lab experiments.
Experts found an insertion of a gene called ARHGAP11B, resulting in a large neocortex in the embryo of a normal marmoset.
The neocortex is a deeply earthy outer layer of the brain that is involved in logic, language, conscious thought, and other important functions.
ARHGAP11B, found in humans but not in human primates or other mammals, stimulates the brain stem cells of monkeys to make more stem cells, enlarging the brain.
The genetically twisted marmoset brain mimics the natural difficulties and indentations in the human brain, known as giri and salsi, respectively – an evolutionary feature in humans to increase the surface area for neurons (nerve cells).
The experiments are aimed at removing the latest planet from Apache Films, where genetically modified primitives wage war against humanity.
Create an image of the brain hemisphere of a mummuset embryo grown with the human gene ARHGAP11B. The cell structure appears white. Scientists say that problems in the brain mimic the human brain. The left arrow indicates a sulcus (depression or groove in the cerebral cortex), while the right arrow indicates a girth (a ridge-like elevation).
The researchers developed a total of seven marmoset embryos in the uterus (inside the uterus) and were obtained at 102 on the day of pregnancy by cesarean section for analysis.
“We found that the neocortex of the normal marmoset brain enlarged and the surface of the brain collapsed,” said Michael Head, study author at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG).
‘[We also saw] An increase in the number of upper-layer neurons, the type of neuron that increases in primate evolution. ‘
The human neocortex is about three times larger than our closest relatives, the chimpanzees.
Andy Circus Stars, as Caesar in Rise of the Planet Aph the Apes (2011), a chimpanzee whose intelligence was exposed in the womb and increased to a drug called ALZ-112.
During evolution, while allowing a large increase in the surface area of the neocortex, our brains closed in a distinctive wrinkled appearance, to fit within the limited space of our skull.
Images of a 101-day-old genetically engineered marmoset embryo, about 50 days away from its normal date of birth, show this induced fold in team experiments.
This generally contrasts with the musset brain, which is smaller and smaller than the human brain.
Normal and ARHGAP 11B fetal marmoset brain. Yellow lines indicate the boundaries of the cerebral cortex; White lines, developing cerebellum; Arrowheads, folds. Scale bars: 1 mm
The nut-like appearance of the human brain is an evolutionary feature for neurons (nerve cells) to increase their surface area, called sulcus (depression) and gyrus (elevation)
ARHGAP11BA may cause expansion of the neocortex during human evolution, according to the team, which also includes experts from the Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA) in Kawasaki and experts from Kayo University in Tokyo, Japan.
Japanese researchers, including Hideyuki Okano, pioneered the development of technology to produce transgenic non-human primates.
Okano’s lab at the Arc EN Center at the Center for Brain Science in Wako, Japan, was the first in the world to produce transgenic marmosets with disinfectant transmission (GT).
GT is a technique where embryonic stem cells contribute to the reproductive cells of mammals (germ cells) and are genetically passed on to their offspring.
However, GT was not used for this project, for the simple reason that a transgenic marmoset was not allowed to give birth to a fetus.
Illustrated in this illustration, a side view of the brain of a normal marmoset, which lacks the nut-like grooves of the human brain.
“We limited our analysis to the marmoset embryo, as we assumed that the expression of this human-specific gene would affect the development of the neocortex in the marmoset,” said Willind Hatner, study author of MPI-CBG.
‘In light of the potentially unpredictable consequences of postpartum brain function, we considered it a prerequisite – and ethically – mandatory – to determine the effects of ARHGAP11B on fetal marmoset neocortex development. ”
AARHGAP11B originated about five million years ago through a partial replication of the ubiquitous gene ARHGAP11A that leads to Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans.
A new study, published in the journal Science, follows work in MPI-CBG in 2015 to identify ARHGAP11B.
The researchers isolated different sub-populations of human brain stem cells and identified which cells are active in which types of genes.
Timely tests on mouse embryos have shown that the gene can have a profound effect on brain development.
Scientists have found a single gene that could be responsible for a uniquely occurring neuron in the human brain in 2015. When this gene was inserted into the brain of a mouse fetus (pictured), it causes many more neurons to form (scar red)
ARHGAP11B, when expressed in physiologically elevated levels in rats, causes enlarged neocortex.
Embryos injected with the gene enlarged large areas of the brain and some developed wrinkled surfaces characteristic of the human brain.
Marta Florio, lead author of the MPI-CBG study, told LiveScience at the time, “It’s great that small genes alone are enough to affect the phenotype of stem cells, which contributes the most to the expansion of the neocortex.” -Marta Florio, lead author of the CBG study, told Live Science at the time.
However, the compatibility of the gene for primary evolution was still unclear, the researchers said.
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